Controlling figure aesthetics

Drawing attractive figures is important. When making figures for yourself, as you explore a dataset, it’s nice to have plots that are pleasant to look at. Visualizations are also central to communicating quantitative insights to an audience, and in that setting it’s even more necessary to have figures that catch the attention and draw a viewer in.

Matplotlib is highly customizable, but it can be hard to know what settings to tweak to achieve an attractive plot. Seaborn comes with a number of customized themes and a high-level interface for controlling the look of matplotlib figures.

import numpy as np
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Let’s define a simple function to plot some offset sine waves, which will help us see the different stylistic parameters we can tweak.

def sinplot(flip=1):
    x = np.linspace(0, 14, 100)
    for i in range(1, 7):
        plt.plot(x, np.sin(x + i * .5) * (7 - i) * flip)

This is what the plot looks like with matplotlib defaults:

sinplot()
../_images/aesthetics_7_0.png

To switch to seaborn defaults, simply call the set() function.

sns.set()
sinplot()
../_images/aesthetics_9_0.png

(Note that in versions of seaborn prior to 0.8, set() was called on import. On later versions, it must be explicitly invoked).

Seaborn splits matplotlib parameters into two independent groups. The first group sets the aesthetic style of the plot, and the second scales various elements of the figure so that it can be easily incorporated into different contexts.

The interface for manipulating these parameters are two pairs of functions. To control the style, use the axes_style() and set_style() functions. To scale the plot, use the plotting_context() and set_context() functions. In both cases, the first function returns a dictionary of parameters and the second sets the matplotlib defaults.

Seaborn figure styles

There are five preset seaborn themes: darkgrid, whitegrid, dark, white, and ticks. They are each suited to different applications and personal preferences. The default theme is darkgrid. As mentioned above, the grid helps the plot serve as a lookup table for quantitative information, and the white-on grey helps to keep the grid from competing with lines that represent data. The whitegrid theme is similar, but it is better suited to plots with heavy data elements:

sns.set_style("whitegrid")
data = np.random.normal(size=(20, 6)) + np.arange(6) / 2
sns.boxplot(data=data);
../_images/aesthetics_11_0.png

For many plots, (especially for settings like talks, where you primarily want to use figures to provide impressions of patterns in the data), the grid is less necessary.

sns.set_style("dark")
sinplot()
../_images/aesthetics_13_0.png 
sns.set_style("white")
sinplot()
../_images/aesthetics_14_0.png

Sometimes you might want to give a little extra structure to the plots, which is where ticks come in handy:

sns.set_style("ticks")
sinplot()
../_images/aesthetics_16_0.png

Removing axes spines

Both the white and ticks styles can benefit from removing the top and right axes spines, which are not needed. The seaborn function despine() can be called to remove them:

sinplot()
sns.despine()
../_images/aesthetics_18_0.png

Some plots benefit from offsetting the spines away from the data, which can also be done when calling despine(). When the ticks don’t cover the whole range of the axis, the trim parameter will limit the range of the surviving spines.

f, ax = plt.subplots()
sns.violinplot(data=data)
sns.despine(offset=10, trim=True);
../_images/aesthetics_20_0.png

You can also control which spines are removed with additional arguments to despine():

sns.set_style("whitegrid")
sns.boxplot(data=data, palette="deep")
sns.despine(left=True)
../_images/aesthetics_22_0.png

Temporarily setting figure style

Although it’s easy to switch back and forth, you can also use the axes_style() function in a with statement to temporarily set plot parameters. This also allows you to make figures with differently-styled axes:

f = plt.figure(figsize=(6, 6))
gs = f.add_gridspec(2, 2)

with sns.axes_style("darkgrid"):
    ax = f.add_subplot(gs[0, 0])
    sinplot()

with sns.axes_style("white"):
    ax = f.add_subplot(gs[0, 1])
    sinplot()

with sns.axes_style("ticks"):
    ax = f.add_subplot(gs[1, 0])
    sinplot()

with sns.axes_style("whitegrid"):
    ax = f.add_subplot(gs[1, 1])
    sinplot()

f.tight_layout()
../_images/aesthetics_24_0.png

Overriding elements of the seaborn styles

If you want to customize the seaborn styles, you can pass a dictionary of parameters to the rc argument of axes_style() and set_style(). Note that you can only override the parameters that are part of the style definition through this method. (However, the higher-level set() function takes a dictionary of any matplotlib parameters).

If you want to see what parameters are included, you can just call the function with no arguments, which will return the current settings:

sns.axes_style()

{'axes.facecolor': 'white',
 'axes.edgecolor': '.8',
 'axes.grid': True,
 'axes.axisbelow': True,
 'axes.labelcolor': '.15',
 'figure.facecolor': 'white',
 'grid.color': '.8',
 'grid.linestyle': '-',
 'text.color': '.15',
 'xtick.color': '.15',
 'ytick.color': '.15',
 'xtick.direction': 'out',
 'ytick.direction': 'out',
 'lines.solid_capstyle': 'round',
 'patch.edgecolor': 'w',
 'patch.force_edgecolor': True,
 'image.cmap': 'rocket',
 'font.family': ['sans-serif'],
 'font.sans-serif': ['Arial',
  'DejaVu Sans',
  'Liberation Sans',
  'Bitstream Vera Sans',
  'sans-serif'],
 'xtick.bottom': False,
 'xtick.top': False,
 'ytick.left': False,
 'ytick.right': False,
 'axes.spines.left': True,
 'axes.spines.bottom': True,
 'axes.spines.right': True,
 'axes.spines.top': True}

You can then set different versions of these parameters:

sns.set_style("darkgrid", {"axes.facecolor": ".9"})
sinplot()
../_images/aesthetics_28_0.png

Scaling plot elements

A separate set of parameters control the scale of plot elements, which should let you use the same code to make plots that are suited for use in settings where larger or smaller plots are appropriate.

First let’s reset the default parameters by calling set():

sns.set()

The four preset contexts, in order of relative size, are paper, notebook, talk, and poster. The notebook style is the default, and was used in the plots above.

sns.set_context("paper")
sinplot()
../_images/aesthetics_32_0.png 
sns.set_context("talk")
sinplot()
../_images/aesthetics_33_0.png 
sns.set_context("poster")
sinplot()
../_images/aesthetics_34_0.png

Most of what you now know about the style functions should transfer to the context functions.

You can call set_context() with one of these names to set the parameters, and you can override the parameters by providing a dictionary of parameter values.

You can also independently scale the size of the font elements when changing the context. (This option is also available through the top-level set() function).

sns.set_context("notebook", font_scale=1.5, rc={"lines.linewidth": 2.5})
sinplot()
../_images/aesthetics_36_0.png

Similarly, you can temporarily control the scale of figures nested under a with statement.

Both the style and the context can be quickly configured with the set() function. This function also sets the default color palette, but that will be covered in more detail in the next section of the tutorial.